Daniel dennett on qualia. Daniel Dennett. Moreover, that knowledge would include the ability to functionally differentiate between red and other colors. Aug 29, 2008 · Dennett rejects this dualist alternative on three grounds: first, that its version of mind‐to‐body causation is in conflict with what we know, or have good reason to believe, from the findings of physical science; second, that the very notion of dualistic psychophysical causation is incoherent; and third, that dualism puts the mind beyond Daniel Dennett Center for Cognitive Studies, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA Received 27 August 2000; accepted 27 September 2000 Abstract Theorists are converging from quite different quarters on a version of the global neuronal workspace model of consciousness, but there are residual confusions to be dissolved. (1988). Phenomenal states. Bach's this paper are threefold: (i) to show that the attacks on qualia fail; (ii) to argue that in important ways his own model of consciousness achieves. Dennett's Consciousness Explained aimed to develop both a theory of consciousness and a powerful critique of the then mainstream view of the nature of consciousness, which Dennett called “The Cartesian Theater View”. It comes from The Philosophical Lexicon (Dennett 1978c, 8th consciousness even exist, producing conclusions discrediting the reality of qualia. 322. , that they are “atomic, intrinsic, exhaustive, ineffable”), then qualia wouldn’t do all the work their supposed to do for Dec 13, 2023 · Even Daniel Dennett himself accepts that qualia are “real”… at least according to Owen Flanagan. Dennett the Quicksilver C Daniel C. ” (p. C. Dennett 1988. Humphrey and Dennett are colleagues and it would seem that Dennett has influenced Humphrey in respect to what qualia are. Dennett was a confirmed compatibilist on the fiercely debated subject Daniel Dennett is one of America's most important and influential contemporary philosophers. Dennett's views set out in Consciousness Explained put him at odds with thinkers who say that consciousness can be described only with reference to "qualia," i. But on closer examination, much of this apparent disagreement is merely terminological. Qualia seem to many people to be the last ditch defense of the inwardness and elusiveness of our minds, a bulwark against creeping mechanism. ” (Dennett 1988) 6. Dennett - 1988 - In Anthony J. 320). Sharvy 1983 echoes the complaint. 1007/S11245-017-9508-2) The philosophers’ concept of qualia is an artifact of bad theorizing, and in particular, of failing to appreciate the distinction between the intentional object of a belief (for instance) and the cause(s) of that belief. He has addressed questions about the nature of mind and consciousness, the possibility of freedom, and the significance of evolution to addressing questions across the cognitive, biological, and social sciences. 2000. Baßler In his paper “Why and how does consciousness seem the way it seems?”, Daniel Dennett argues that philosophers and scientists should abandon Ned Block’s dis-tinction between access consciousness and phenomenal consciousness. Dec 22, 2005 · In his 1991 book ‘Consciousness Explained', Daniel Dennett presents his “Multiple Drafts” model of consciousness. Daniel Dennett's multiple drafts model of consciousness is a physicalist theory of consciousness based upon cognitivism, which views the mind in terms of information processing. Quining qualia. Then I will introduce a thought experiment from Daniel Dennett involving two coffee tasters, Chase and Sanborn, and formu-late a modified version of Dennett’s thought experiment with Aug 7, 2020 · Daniel Dennett admits that he has never used psychedelics! What percentage of functionalists are psychedelic-naïve? What percentage of qualia formalists are psychedelic-naïve? In this 2019 quote, he talks about his drug experience and also alludes to meme hazards (though he may not use that term!): Yes, you put it well. Marcus 2004 makes a related point). In this context, I first discuss what the term ‘qualia’ means and how it became the essential part of the consciousness debates. The experience of pain, for example, is not SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY PRICE! (Valid until 3 months after publication) Daniel Dennett has been one of the central voices in the philosophy of mind for at least the past forty years. Color has been Jane O’Grady is in two minds about Daniel Dennett. D. Description: Dennett, Daniel C. Feb 1, 2020 · This article outlines Daniel C. Such qualia are sometimes referred to as phenomenal properties and the associated sort of consciousness as phenomenal Daniel Dennett y los Qualia. In detail, Flanagan wrote the following: “Qualia are for real. Dennett Search for other works by this author on: Daniel C. But what about Dennett’s impact outside of philosophy? This anthology seeks to distinguish itself from the many others devoted to Dennett’s work (including an MIT volume compiled by the same editors) by assessing Daniel C. Frank Jackson - 2004 - In Peter Ludlow, Yujin Nagasawa & Daniel Stoljar (eds. Dennett: “I suspect, in fact, that many are unwilling to take my radical challenge seriously largely because they want so much for qualia to be acknowledged. , conscious experience). True enough. Oxford University Press. In We should expect physical or functional explanations of our judgments about qualia. In reading about Daniel Dennett, I've heard several times that philosophers seems to dislike him (Both seen in his actual TED talk and on r/badphilosophy). In Daniel Dennett’s “Quining Qualia”, 15 intuitional pumps are used to argue that qualia cannot be founded on four commonly assumed features. He is the co-director of the Center for Cognitive Studies and the Austin B. The cause of a hallucination, for instance May 8, 2003 · Dennett discusses several cases — both actual and imaginary — to expose ways in which these ordinary intuitions about qualia pull apart. In so doing, Dennett suggests our qualia concepts are fundamentally confused and fail to correspond with the actual inner workings of our cognitive system. pp. Mar 20, 2017 · Dennett sat at the seminar table like a king on his throne. Qualia, like Santa Claus and the Easter Bunny, have a history but that does not make them real. El filósofo estadounidense Daniel Dennett, uno de los filósofos de la ciencia más destacados en el campo de las ciencias cognitivas ha centrado una parte de sus investigaciones y reflexiones en los qualia. Postscript on Qualia. J. The philosophers’ concept of qualia is an artifact of bad theorizing, and in particular, of failing to appreciate the distinction between the intentional object of a belief and the cause of that belief. In a series of thought experiments, which he calls "intuition pumps," he brings qualia into the world of Mar 19, 2004 · Similarly, Daniel Dennett in his original 1980 response to Searle’s argument called it “an intuition pump”, a term he came up with in discussing the CRA with Hofstader. His research centered on the philosophy of mind , the philosophy of science , and the philosophy of biology , particularly as those fields relate to evolutionary biology and cognitive science . Dennett’s empirically driven skepticism and reconstructs his methodological arguments against Husserlian phenomenology, and argues that gradual weak skepticism is the only plausible form of phenomenological skepticism and concludes that Husserlus methodology is well-equipped to combat it. The verb "to quine" is even more esoteric. Although many of the Nov 10, 2004 · The innocent student might well be puzzled, then, to learn of Frank Jackson’s controversial “knowledge argument for qualia” (Jackson 1982), and Dennett’s attempt to dismiss qualia as a philosopher’s invention (Dennett 1988). In A. views towards qualia, then outline three views that are taken to be arguments for the existence of qualia. Sticking to one’s diet: Commentary on “Quining diet qualia” by Keith Frankish. Nagasawa, and D. S. In Consciousness Explained [42] and Quining Qualia, [43] Daniel Dennett argues against qualia by claiming that the "knowledge argument" breaks down if one tries to apply it practically. If qualia is a hallucination then its quite the elaborate one, and not just that, even he says its a useful one. [4] [25] [26] [27]. Over the last thirty years, he has played a major role in expanding our understanding of consciousness, developmental psychology, and evolutionary theory. , the raw content of experience. Ludlow, Y. Aug 20, 1997 · (4) Qualia as intrinsic, nonphysical, ineffable properties. One way to summarize the difference between the Churchlands' view and Dennett's is that the Churchlands are eliminativists about propositional attitudes, but reductionists about qualia, while Dennett is an anti-reductionist about propositional attitudes and an eliminativist about qualia. edu Facing up to the hard question of consciousness Daniel C. Jun 19, 2009 · The Case for Qualia is a collection of nineteen new papers on topics in the philosophy of mind. Dennett describes the book as an installment of a lifelong philosophical project, earlier parts of which were The Intentional Stance, Consciousness Explained, and Elbow Room. Dennett’s aim is to eventually make anyone uncomfortable when trying to sensibly talk of qualia. We analyze his arguments and, according to an alternative notion of qualia based on the rejection of intrinsicality as a second order property of qualia, we evaluate to what extent their targets are reached. I’m only going to focus on what Humphrey says about Jan 1, 2001 · Daniel Clement Dennett III is a prominent philosopher whose research centers on philosophy of mind, science, and biology, particularly as they relate to evolutionary biology and cognitive science. Dennett began publishing innovative philosophical research in the late 1960s, and he has continued to do so for the past 45 years. 252) assessed the field of philosophy of mind and his evaluation of dualism was unflattering, to put it mildly: Since it is widely granted these days that dualism is not a serious view to contend with, but rather a cliff over which to push one’s opponents, a capsule ‘refutation’ of dualism, to Nov 4, 2002 · Daniel Dennett has become one of those philosophers about whom virtually everyone in the field feels compelled to take a stance. He seemed slightly arrogant in the way he gave his reasoning for the non-existence of qualia, but I didn't find it illogical or fallacious. So, whatever it may be, an artifact or otherwise, it is still something that can be useful to us. Dennett. Interviewed by Louis Godbout. The infallibilist line on qualia treats them as properties of one's experience one cannot in principle misdiscover, and this is a mysterious doctrine (at least as mysterious as papal infal libility) unless we shift the emphasis a little and treat qualia as logical constructs out of subjects' qualia-judgments: a sub ject's experience has the Apr 23, 2024 · Consider how Dennett talks about qualia, philosophers’ term for subjective experiences. Daniel Clement Dennett (Boston, Massachusetts, 1942ko martxoaren 28a - Portland, Maine, 2024ko apirilaren 19a) estatubatuar [1] filosofo eta idazlea izan zen. Broad-shouldered and imposing, with a fluffy white beard and a round belly, he resembles a cross between Darwin and Santa Claus. Descartes claimed to doubt everything that could be doubted, but he never doubted that his conscious experiences had qualia, the properties by which he knew or apprehended them. In Consciousness Explained (1991) and "Quining Qualia" (1988), Daniel Dennett offers an argument against qualia that attempts to show that the above definition breaks down when one tries to make a practical application of it. Likewise, and on the light of our alternative nation of qualia as well as the structure This chapter examines the origin and coherence of a certain candidate notion of qualia. The philosopher Daniel Dennett is one such famous skeptic. Central to his theory is the rejection of the notion of ‘qualia'; of the A number of philosophers have extended this Wittgensteinian critique, most notably Daniel Dennett . View full-text Jan 1, 2014 · American philosopher and cognitive scientist Daniel Dennett (born on 28 March 1928 in Boston, Massachusetts) is one of the most important theoretical thinkers in the field of philosophy of mind and consciousness studies. Daniel Dennett and others argue that while consciousness and subjective experience exist in some sense, they are not as the zombie argument proponent claims. My qualia at this moment are the smell of coffee, the sound of a truck rumbling by on the street, my While Patricia Churchland and Paul Churchland have famously applied eliminative materialism to propositional attitudes, philosophers including Daniel Dennett, Georges Rey, and Keith Frankish have applied it to qualia or phenomenal consciousness (i. Thus, concludes Dennett, our conception of qualia is so confused that it would be “tactically obtuse” to try to salvage the notion; rather, we should just admit that “there simply are no qualia at all. May 30, 2009 · Philosophers of mind like Daniel Dennett have used this setting to explain intentional explanation, but I think it can also be used to explain how we arrive at the idea of qualia. Daniel Dennett identifies four properties which are commonly ascribed to qualia; that is, qualia are: . MIT Press. ), Consciousness in contemporary science (pp. Sep 8, 2003 · Daniel Dennett thinks those who accept the conceivability of zombies have failed to imagine them thoroughly enough: ‘they invariably underestimate the task of conception (or imagination), and end up imagining something that violates their own definition’ (1995, p. (Aria from J. Stoljar, 59-68. Fletcher Professor of Philosophy at Tufts University. And really, isn't that all the matters? May 8, 2003 · Dennett discusses several cases—both actual and imaginary—to expose ways in which these ordinary intuitions about qualia pull apart. Dan had many adversaries in the world of philosophers, but also quite a few who shared his views, and as for myself, I was almost always aligned with Daniel DENNETT | Cited by 24,676 | of Tufts University, MA (Tufts) | Read 185 publications | Contact Daniel DENNETT The philosophers’ concept of qualia is an artifact of bad theorizing, and Mar 13, 2018 · I argued that this is a false move, because to seem to have qualia is necessarily already to have qualia, and Dennett moved, in his 2007 paper “Heterophenomenology reconsidered,” published in Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, to the view that there aren’t even any real seemings: “There are no real seemings… judgments are about Daniel Clement Dennett III (March 28, 1942 – April 19, 2024) was an American philosopher and cognitive scientist. 417-420. Dennett has maintained that a careful examination of our intuitive notion of qualia reveals that it is a confused notion, that it is advisable to accept that experience does not have the properties… Expand. Philosophy. ineffable; that is, they cannot be communicated, or apprehended by any other means than direct experience. "Quining Qualia", Readings in Philosophy and Cognitive Science, Alvin I. It has powerfully influenced the development of cognitive science, robotics, developmental psychology, and artificial Oct 1, 2023 · We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. My qualia at this moment are the smell of coffee, the sound of a truck rumbling by on the street, my puzzlement over Dennett’s ideas. Then I examine the knowledge argument in detail. Apr 23, 2024 · Daniel Dennett was one of the most famous philosophers in the world, one of the so-called “Four Horsemen of the New Atheism. Dennett David H. Ha identificado y concretado cuatro propiedades que deben tener los qualia. Dennett describes several phenomena that show that perception is more limited and less reliable than we perceive it to be. In the present paper we criticize Daniel Dennett's polemic eliminativist attempt regarding qualia. Dec 3, 2018 · During the 1970s Daniel Dennett (1978, p. A photo in Daniel Dennett’s new memoir I’ve Been Thinking shows the four-year-old Dennett perched on a bench and bending forward, bottom in the air, to solemnly examine a toy. Dennett, 1993. Another response is the denial of the idea that qualia and related phenomenal notions of the mind are in the first place coherent concepts. ), There's Something About Mary: Essays on Phenomenal Consciousness and Frank Jackson's Knowledge Argument. This hour, our 2015 conversation with Daniel Dennett, as recorded onstage at the Mark Twain House and Museum in Hartford, Connecticut. g, Dennett 1987, 1991) use the term ‘qualia’ in a still more restricted way so that qualia are intrinsic properties of experiences that are also ineffable, nonphysical, and ‘given’ to their subjects incorrigibly (without the possibility of error). It is at least a bit embarrassing, perhaps even scandalous, that debate should still rage over the sheer existence of qualia, but they continue to find able defenders after decades of being attacked as relics of ghostly substances, epiphenomenal non-entities, nomological danglers and the like; the intensity of the current confrontation is captured vividly by Daniel Dennett: Daniel Clement Dennett III (March 28, 1942 – April 19, 2024) was an American philosopher and cognitive scientist. In fact, there are Abstract IntroductionIt is at least a bit embarrassing, perhaps even scandalous, that debate should still rage over the sheer existence of qualia, but they continue to find able defenders after decades of being attacked as relics of ghostly substances, epiphenomenal non-entities, nomological danglers and the like; the intensity of the current confrontation is captured vividly by Daniel Dennett Jan 20, 1999 · Daniel C. Now eighty-one and a world-famous philosopher, Dennett has always One of the most influential philosophical voices in the consciousness studies community is that of Daniel Dennett. Marcel and E. , knowledge of their qualitative character or distinctive Qualia explained away A Commentary on Daniel C. This is all very well, but the real prize, as Dennett knows, is qualia. dennett@tufts. Some philosophers, such as Daniel Dennett, reject both epiphenomenalism and the existence of qualia with the same charge that Gilbert Ryle leveled against a Cartesian "ghost in the machine", that they too are category mistakes. But if the knowledge argument is sound, then qualia would seem to be explanatorily irrelevant to these judgments—including the judgment that qualia cannot be explained in physical or functional terms. A quale or conscious experience would not belong to the category of objects of reference on this account, but rather Dennett, D. Goldman. First he Apr 13, 2010 · Dennett enabled me finally to kick qualia out of my private (now public) ontology by providing, in the later sections of his “Quining Qualia” (Dennett 1988), an alternative conceptual vocabulary for talking about the contents of perceptual and reflective experience that genuinely makes no appeal, surreptitious or otherwise, to qualia the qualia of your hallucinatory experiences. Dennett's book Consciousness Explained, published in 1991, Dennett's approach to refuting "qualia" draws on the role of evolution in the development of the human mind. Nikolinakos. Daniel C. "'Epiphenomenal' Qualia?" In There's Something About Mary: Essays on Phenomenal Consciousness and Frank Jackson's Knowledge Argument, edited by P. In a classic paper, “Quining Qualia,” he gives a number of examples of cases in which the idea of qualia as used by philosophers seems to invite impossible and perhaps nonsensical questions (1988). Jan 5, 2020 · Philosopher Daniel Dennett explains how his functionalist perspective can shed some light on the apparent mystery of conscious experience. Qualia are supposed to be special properties, in some hard-to-define way. Apr 19, 2024 · World-renowned philosopher Daniel Dennett, and his arguments against the mystique of qualia were subtle but very cogent. ), Consciousness in Contemporary Science. 42–77). Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press. indirect realism, the metaphysics of consciousness, perceptual intentionality, representationalist theories of consciousness, and the transparency of I'm not too worried about Dennett's opinion on qualia, though it is a nice read non-the-less. e. Oct 6, 2022 · Phenomenal Realism and Illusionism", held at Ruhr-Universität Bochum (Germany) on September 29-30, 2022, organized by François Kammerer and Tobias Schlicht. Oct 29, 2023 · “He questions whether there is something ineffable in the subjective experience of sensations, that aspect of consciousness which, technically, is known as qualia,” philosopher Josefa Toribio, a professor at the University of Barcelona’s Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (Catalan Institute of Research and Advanced One of the most influential philosophical voices in the consciousness studies community is that of Daniel Dennett. Abstract 'qualia' is an unfamiliar term for something that could not be more familiar to each of us: the ways things seem to us / various 'properties of conscious experience' Jun 18, 2004 · Traditionally qualia have been regarded as intrinsic, private, ineffable monadic features of experience, but current theories of qualia often reject at least some of those commitments (Dennett 1990). Apr 19, 2024 · Dan thus totally rejected the notion of “qualia” (pure sensations of such things as colors, tastes, and so forth), and his arguments against the mystique of qualia were subtle but very cogent. Marcel & E. Dennett e-mail: daniel. Some philosophers (e. Zientzia kognitiboen esparruan zientziaren filosofo nabarmenetakoa da, batez ere kontzientziaren , intentzionalitatearen , adimen artifizialaren eta memetikaren azterketan. Qualia seem so real to us and so different to anything else in the physical 14 Thomas Nagel , De ett: Co s ious ess Dissol ed , in Other Minds: Critical Essays 1969-1994, Oxford University Press, p. Jan 20, 1998 · (DOI: 10. Dennett notes that we often overrate the objective accuracy and causal power of our qualia. Sep 27, 2017 · Considering Dennett's 'scientism' as regards qualia, you'd think that if scientists accept qualia (at least as described by philosophers), then he'd accept them too. Daniel Dennett . In the second chapter, I argue two main objections to the knowledge argument, respectively Daniel Dennett’s radical objection and the ability hypothesis. Dec 26, 2017 · Daniel C. Bisiach (eds. [58] Jun 28, 2024 · If Dennett’s account of qualia weren’t broadly accurate (i. Naturalistic Dualism It is unfortunate that the term qualia has been adopted -- in spite of my warnings (Dennett, 1988, 1991, 1994b) -- by some cognitive neuroscientists who have been unwilling or unable to believe that philosophers intend that term to occupy a peculiar logical role in arguments about functionalism that cognitive neuroscience could not resolve. Critics of the book have Sep 3, 2002 · The first is to appeal to what Daniel Stoljar & Yujin Nagasawa term the knowledge intuition: the intuition that no amount of knowledge of the physical information or physical facts concerning certain experiences can by itself suffice for knowledge of what these experiences are like, i. Bisiach (1988) by permission of Oxford University Press and the author. All of the papers are interesting, and many of them make substantive contributions to ongoing debates over the structure of experience, direct vs. Dennett himself says what Apr 20, 2024 · Consider how Dennett talks about qualia, philosophers’ term for subjective experiences. As is so often the case with philosophical jargon, it is easier to give examples than to give a definition of the term. This Jul 27, 2024 · [All this partly depends on whether Dennett’s characterisation of qualia — or his account of what qualiaphiles take qualia to be — is the only one available or possible. This Co-Director, Center for Cognitive Studies, Professor, Philosophy Dept, Tufts University - Cited by 113,275 - psychology - evolution - artificial intelligence - philosophy Daniel Dennett asserts that if she already truly knew "everything about color", that knowledge would necessarily include a deep understanding of why and how human neurology causes us to sense the "qualia" of color. both more and less than he claims for it; and (iii) to argue, indirectly, that. 86. In Consciousness Explained (1991) and “Quining Qualia” (1988), Daniel Dennett offers an argument against qualia that demonstrates that the above definition breaks down when one tries to make a practical application of it. By exposing the groundlessness of qualia-based insights, this chapter undermines the notion of qualia as absolute (non-relational), atomic properties of phenomenal experience. Dennett’s philosophical contributions Daniel Dennett offers an example of a situation where an apparently monadic quale is analyzed phenomenally into several components: the quale of a low guitar sound seems to be monadic at first, but will be perceived as an ensemble of many sounds after we have isolated and listened the individual overtones that compose the original sound Dec 23, 2023 · (i) Introduction (ii) Against Phenomenology? (iii) Owen Flanagan on Phenomenology (iv) Daniel Dennett’s Heterophenomenology (v) Dennett on Qualia (Via Flanagan) (vi) Flanagan on Dennett’s Position (vii) Conclusion: Physicalism, Anti-Physicalism or Something Else? In this famous article, Quining Qualia, Daniel Dennett argues against property dualist views that advocate for the existence of qualia. Bisiach (Eds. This book offers an introduction to Dennett's ideas, his key writings and his contributions to the various fields of philosophy. The theory is described in depth in his book, Consciousness Explained , published in 1991. Dennett Center for Cognitive Studies, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA DCD, 0000-0003-1181-3093 The so-called hard problem of consciousness is a chimera, a distraction from May 21, 2021 · The American philosopher Daniel Dennett argued that once all the “easy” He certainly sees qualia as pseudo-entities, so perhaps this “problem of consciousness” is a pseudo-problem. He has made considerable contributions to the philosophy of mind and to evolutionary thought. ” Dennett died April 19 at age 82. 1. Specifically, the essay by Daniel Dennett titled Quining Qualia outlines a set of reasons which aim to explain away phenomenal experiences by suggesting ‘qualia’ as a concept is incoherent. In a series of thought experiments, which he calls intuition pumps , he brings qualia into the world of neurosurgery , clinical psychology , and psychological Introduction. As Dennett characterizes them, believers in qualia are tied to a picture of the mind as a theatre (the ‘Cartesian theatre’), in which mental entities are on display before the mind’s eye. This talk is part of a workshop on May 17, 2024 · This demystification, importantly, involved parting with the concept of ‘qualia’ — the ineffable, first-person aspects of conscious experience, such as the greenness of grass or the sweetness of Dec 31, 1993 · Dennett on qualia: The case of pain, smell and taste. 386). We will go over Dennett’s stance as well as several of the intuitional pumps he uses. Abstract. Critics of qualia . Dennett is a brilliant polemicist, famous for challenging unexamined orthodoxies. " Qualia " is an unfamiliar term for something that could not be more familiar to each of us: the ways things seem to us. After all, philosophical naturalists believe that what science (not individual scientists!) says goes, goes . If someone wants to defend the idea that Mary learns something new (and that this new knowledge cannot be explained by a physicalist), then, if Dennett's criticisms are apt, they'll not only have to characterize this new knowledge without the concept of qualia, but they also have to do it without the problematic concepts that have been used to characterize qualia. Unlike most philosophers of his generation, Dennett’s work has resonated far and wide. Apr 22, 2014 · An intellectual descendent of Gilbert Ryle, Dennett took the eliminative route regarding qualia (Dennett, 1991, 1993), seeing the concept as “the last ditch defence of the inwardness and elusiveness of our minds, a bulwark against creeping mechanism†that we employ in confronting the physicalist scientific picture (Dennett, 1993, p. This is part of Prof Definition of qualia. Reprinted from Consciousness in Contem~ ry Science edited by A. Freedom Evolves is a 2003 popular science and philosophy book by Daniel C. Dennett’s considered view (2013) is that the CRA is “clearly a fallacious and misleading argument …. nrwbujx zuyw nzewf cmdma jsyul ucvy wfkz mokspqg kcaqf rohpra